Academician Ugolev, "Theory of adequate nutrition and trophology"

2024 Author: Isabella Gilson | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 03:14

Alexander Mikhailovich Ugolev was born on March 9, 1926 in the city of Dnepropetrovsk, and died in 1991 in the city of St. Petersburg. In 1958, academician Ugolev discovered such concepts as membrane digestion, the theory of adequate nutrition and trophology.

What is the article about?

It is about such human nutrition that will be discussed in our article. Also, in addition to the theory of adequate nutrition and trophology, Ugolev proposed to consider the microflora of the body as a separate human organ, since it is precisely its functions that include immunity stimulation, iron absorption, vitamin synthesis, thyroid he alth, etc. The academician also established that the foods that we we eat, we need not only to maintain life. They affect the psychological state of a person.

Thus, all these discoveries described in his book influenced human nutrition in general and specifically the promotion of a raw food diet.

The essence of trophology

So, for starters, let's figure out what trophology is. Ugolev wrote that trophology is an interdisciplinary science that studies the process of nutrition in general, nutrition theories, as well as other processes associated with the digestion of food by the body andits assimilation. Thus, trophology as a science is based on the discoveries made by Ugolev. In his book, he described three types of digestion:

1. intracellular (consists in the fact that the cell captures nutrients from the outside, digests them, and then they are absorbed by the cytoplasm, thus the body receives energy);
2. extracellular (this type of digestion is characteristic of all living beings; in humans - it is also called cavitary - this is chewing food in the mouth and dissolving large pieces of food with the help of saliva, and the next stage is the digestion of food in the stomach with hydrochloric acid);
3. membrane digestion (this type includes both intracellular and extracellular digestion, is realized by the breakdown of food by enzymes in the small intestine).

The consequences of malnutrition

Nutrition is the basis of human life, malnutrition leads to a large number of diseases, from which it is very difficult to get rid of later. Below is a table of diseases that arise due to malnutrition:

Overfeeding:	Syndromes:
Carbohydrates, starch and sugar	Diseases of the cardiovascular system, chronic bronchitis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, appendicitis, cholecystitis, gallstone disease, diabetes, depression, toxemia of pregnancy, sclerosis, periodontal disease
Squirrels	Diseasescardiovascular system, toxemia of pregnancy, diabetes

Based on this table, it is concluded that in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases of this type, it is necessary to reduce foods high in protein and carbohydrates. (Academician Ugolev, "Theory of adequate nutrition and trophology").

Classical Nutrition Theory

The classical theory of nutrition is not only assumptions, but also an image, techniques and ways of thinking. Academician Ugolev considered nutrition according to this principle to be an integral part of the theory of adequate nutrition and the greatest achievement of man. From this and its name - "balanced", that is, a balance is maintained between the arrival of substances and their consumption, the same nutrition is called ideal for the body. The theory also says that the substances entering the body must, again, be balanced, and contain exactly the amount of useful substances that the body needs at the moment. It depends on age, lifestyle and individual characteristics of the organism.

Crisis of balanced nutrition theory

The 20th century was the heyday of the classical theory of nutrition. Further, this theory was severely criticized, which marked the beginning of the formation of the theory of adequate nutrition and trophology. The mistake of the balanced theory of nutrition is to consider the nutrition of the body as a balance between the intake and expenditure of nutrients thatgive energy to the body. Scientists have found that, in addition to obtaining "fuel" for life, i.e. energy, the body needs "building materials", and the theory of balanced nutrition, unfortunately, does not take into account such substances.

The next drawback of the classical theory is the position that the body needs only certain substances, at a certain period of time and nothing else. But what about the psycho-emotional state? “I want to eat a tomato now, but I have to eat a cucumber.” This will also be stressful for the body. If you need to plan a balanced diet, you can easily create a menu in different variations yourself, having an idea of the calorie content of foods and their compatibility.

Provisions of the theory of adequate nutrition

So, as it turned out above, at some point the classical theory of nutrition had to make room. It was replaced by a fundamentally new concept. This was the discovery made by academician Ugolev - the theory of adequate nutrition. It boils down to this:

1. Food is both "fuel" and "building material" for the body.

2. In addition to extracellular and intracellular digestion and the supply of vital substances from there, membrane digestion, which was discussed above, is an integral part of the he althy life of the body.

3. Man is a "fruit-eating" creature, that is, he eats the fruits of plants.

4. Coarse fiber is an important substance for the functioning of the body.

5. The real value of fooddue not to the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in it, but to the ability to self-digest.

6. Gastric juice is only needed to start the digestion process, then the food should be digested by itself.

Continuation of Ugolev's works: three types of food products

Ugolev compared two types of products that enter the gastrointestinal tract. The first were products that underwent heat treatment, the second - raw. So, the first ones were not completely broken down by the body, which led to its slagging, and Ugolev considered such nutrition to be harmful. And raw foods were completely broken down by the body, which was facilitated by the process of self-digestion discovered by Coal. Subsequently, a doctor from Switzerland, Bichher-Benner, decided to divide all products into three types according to their energy intensity:

1. Products consumed in their natural form. These are fruits, some vegetables, fruits of plants, herbs, nuts, also milk and raw eggs.

2. Products characterized by the weakening of human energy. These are potatoes, bread, flour products, boiled berries, as well as boiled milk, boiled eggs and butter.

3. Foods that greatly weaken a person's energy due to heat treatment or necrosis are mushrooms, meat, fish, poultry.

Thus, in the theory of adequate nutrition, it is advised to exclude foods from the third group from the diet, since the energy spent on digesting such food is greater than that which the body receives from the product.

Other nutrition theories

Besides the two described "titans"in dietology (1. the theory of balanced nutrition; 2. academician Ugolev, "Theory of adequate nutrition"), there are other theories that can be called derivatives of them.

1. Functional food. This theory suggests that nutrition is a protection against many diseases, and also places great emphasis on the use of dietary supplements in the process of nutrition.

2. Differentiated nutrition. People who use this theory look at the composition of the food they eat every time, they have a special list of the foods that are best absorbed by their body.

3. Individual meals. These are the recommendations of doctors on the food that is most beneficial for your body, with the development of a complete daily diet. Such a service costs about 15,000 rubles today.

The essence of the raw food diet

Raw food is based on the theory of adequate nutrition. This system consists in the use of products that have not undergone heat treatment. Also, in addition to raw food, raw foodists consume dried fruits and berries, the so-called concentrates. In addition to products after heat treatment, people using this food system do not eat pickled, canned foods, and mushrooms. Based on the theory of adequate nutrition, raw foodists believe that such a system improves he alth and promotes weight loss. The main thing here is the preservation of the nutritional value of products. It is also believed that this is a form of vegetarianism.

Types of raw food diet

Raw food is divided into varieties, independing on the foods you eat.

1. Vegan or strict. Products of any animal origin are excluded from the diet, only raw plant products.

2. Fruitarianism. Uncommon type of raw food diet. People eat only raw fruits and seeds (fresh fruits, nuts, vegetables, root vegetables).

According to the methods of meal planning, the raw food diet is also divided into subspecies:

1. Mixed. Food is classified according to its content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates and is accepted according to the principle of similarity in the content of these substances (vegetables with vegetables, fruits with fruits, fruits with nuts).

2. Raw food diet. Only one food is taken per meal. For example, only oranges or only apples.

3. Moderate. 75% of food is eaten raw, and only 25% is cooked.

Raw food: harm or benefit?

Many are convinced that a raw food diet does not benefit the body, as raw foodists, limiting their diet, do not use some nutrients in food, which leads to various diseases. For example, vitamin B12 is found only in fish and meat, and because raw foodists do not eat these foods, they experience erosion of tooth enamel.

Also, some people, in addition to vegetables and fruits, eat raw fish and meat, with which pathogenic bacteria enter the body. But there are benefits to raw food too. For example, with the help of this nutrition system, serious diseases are cured, and for the purposeprevention, it is used as a he alth food to cleanse the body of toxins and harmful substances.

Thus, now there are a large number of theories of nutrition. But do not rush to switch to one of them: who knows, maybe in a few years both the trend that Academician Ugolev gave birth to (the theory of adequate nutrition) and the raw food diet will be considered by scientists to be erroneous and harmful to the body. It is best to lead a he althy lifestyle. And, of course, to establish a balanced diet. The menu is very simple - you need to listen to the body. But, if you still decide to change the nutrition system, you must remember that this will be stressful for the body, and you need to switch to a new diet slowly and gradually. If the body does not accept such food, you should immediately abandon it.